This book on PIC Microcontroller is intended primarily for undergraduate students in technology and engineering curriculum and also for practicing engineers who are working in embedded systems. It is a comprehensive treatment of the microcontroller fundamentals that includes architecture, assembly language programming, and applications of microcontrollers in embedded systems. Microchip PIC18F microcontroller families are used in the illustrations. This book assumes a course in digital logic as a prerequisite; however, it does not assume any background in programming.

The purpose of this book on PIC Microcontroller is threefold: one is to teach the basic principles underlying the microprocessor/microcontroller and its applications; the second is to teach assembly language; and the third is to expose students to the latest technology that is used in industry. These three objectives can be accomplished by using the PIC18F microcontroller as an illustration. This book is aimed at two levels: an introductory course in microcontrollers and an advanced course in designing microcontroller-based systems.

Features of the Text:

1. Comprehensive Integrated Approach to Hardware and Software. The book is divided in three sections and the content is comprehensive: basic concepts in hardware, assembly language, and integration of hardware and software in interfacing peripherals and designing an embedded system.

2. Organization Appropriate to Teaching

Most microprocessor courses are laboratory oriented. Initially, this textbook covers enough hardware architecture essentials to prepare students to write programs; students will be able to write simple programs beginning with Chapter 2. When students are able to write programs, the textbook returns to hardware topics.

3. Step-By-Step Approach for Software

Students are exposed to programming in a systematic way. This is the area where students need assistance. Often students enter this type of course with no programming background. The text has been designed to supply that needed support. The programming section includes numerous illustrative examples. These examples begin with a problem statement, provide the analysis of the problem, illustrate the program, and explain the programming steps. Chapters 5 through 8 differ from any available texts, and are the major strength of the book. Instructions are explained in detail through the use of examples, not just listed from the Microchip manual. Examples and explanations of instructions enhance students' understanding of programming. An instruction set with full explanation is essential in writing programs.

4. Text is laboratory oriented

This feature also reinforces the integral aspect of software with hardware. Chapters 5 through 8 can be used for laboratory experiences. The section includes illustrative programs that can be used to verify programming concepts on a simulator or single-board demo board.

5. In-Depth Treatment of I/O Interfacing.

Chapters 9 through 13 are devoted to I/O interfacing and various peripherals. Illustrative examples in these chapters can be used in laboratory to perform hardware experiments.

6. Synthesis of the Concepts through Project Design

Chapter 14 is concerned with the design of a temperature control and display project that synthesizes all the concepts discussed in earlier chapters.

7. Appendices include details of software for laboratory experiments.

MPLAB IDE, an integrated software package that includes an assembler, a debugger, and a simulation program, is available from Microchip. Students can use the source code included on the CD in laboratory experiments.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1 Microprocessor and Microcontroller Fundamentals

1.1 Embedded Systems and Microcontrollers

1.2 Microprocessor-Based Systems: Internal View with System Bus

1.3 Software: From Machine to High-Level Languages 1

1.4 Data Format

1.5 Microprocessor (MPU)- and Microcontroller (MCU)-Based Systems

1.6 Historical Perspective and Look Ahead

Summary

Questions

Chapter 2 Microcontroller Architecture—PIC18F Family

2.1 PIC18F Microcontroller Families

2.2 Processes of Data Transfer between a Microcontroller and Outside Peripherals

2.3 Support Devices

2.4 Microchip PIC Family of Devices

2.5 PIC18F Instructions and Assembly Language

2.6 Illustration: Displaying a Byte at an I/O Port of PIC18F452 Microcontroller

2.7 Embedded System: Temperature and Time Display

Summary

Questions, Assignments, and Simulation Exercises

Simulation Exercises Using PIC18 Simulator IDE

Chapter 3 PIC18F Programming Model and Its Instruction Set

3.1 PIC18F Programming Model

3.2 Introduction to PIC18 Instruction Set

3.3 Instruction Format

3.4 Illustration: Addition

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 4 Programming and Problem Solving

4.1 Approach to Problem Solving with Programming

4.2 Illustrative Program: Addition with Carry Check

4.3 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

4.4 Illustrative Program: Addition with Carry Check

4.5 Assembling, Debugging, and Executing a Program Using MPLAB IDE

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

vii

Chapter 5 Introduction to Data Copy (Move), Arithmetic, and Branch Instructions

5.1 Data Copy (Move) and Set/Clear Operations

5.2 Arithmetic Operations

5.3 Redirection of Program Execution (Branch and Skip Operations)

5.4 Generating Time Delays

5.5 Illustrative Program: Generating Waveforms

5.6 Illustrative Program: Copying a Block of Data from Program Memory to Data Registers

5.7 Illustrative Program: Addition of Data Bytes

5.8 Illustrative Program: Searching for Specific Characters in a Data Set

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 6 Introduction to Logic, Bit Manipulation, and Multiply-Divide Operations

6.1 Logic Operations

6.2 Bit Operations

6.3 Multiply and Divide Operations

6.4 Illustrative Program: Finding the Highest Temperature in a Data String

6.5 Illustrative Program: Finding an Average Temperature of Data Readings

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 7 Stack and Subroutines

7.1 Stack

7.2 Subroutine

7.3 Macros and Software Stack

7.4 Illustrative Program: Copying and Adding Data Bytes

7.5 Illustrative Program: Calculating Average Temperature

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 8 Application Programs and Software Design

8.1 BCD to Binary Conversion

8.2 Binary to BCD Conversion

8.3 ASCII Code to Binary Conversion

8.4 Binary to ASCII Code Conversion

8.5 Illustrative Program: Multiplication of 16-Bit Numbers

8.6 Illustrative Program: Division of Two 8-Bit Unsigned Numbers

8.7 Software Design

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation and Troubleshooting Exercises

Chapter 9 Input/Output (I/O) Ports and Interfacing

9.1 Basic Concepts is I/O Interfacing and PIC18 I/O Ports

9.2 Interfacing Output Peripherals

9.3 Illustration: Displaying BCD Counter at Seven-Segment LEDs

9.4 Interfacing Input Peripherals

9.5 Illustration: Interfacing Push-Button Keys

9.6 Illustration: Interfacing an LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

9.7 Illustration: Interfacing a Matrix Keyboard

9.8 Illustration: Interfacing Seven Segment LEDs – Time Multiplex Scanning Technique

viii

Summary

Questions and Assignment

Chapter 10 Interrupts

10.1 Basic Concepts in Interrupts

10.2 PIC18 Interrupts

10.3 Illustration: Implementation of Interrupt Process in PIC18 Microcontroller

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Chapter 11 Timers

11.1 Basic Concepts in Counters and Timers

11.2 PIC18 Timers

11.3 CCP (Capture, Compare, and PWM) Modules

11.4 Illustration: Generating a Periodic Waveform Using an Interrupt

11.5 Illustration: Designing a 12-Hour Clock

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 12 Data Converters

12.1 Data Converters: Basic Concepts

12.2 PIC18F4520 Analog-to-Digital (A/D) Converter Module

12.3 Illustration: Interfacing a Temperature Sensor to the A/D Converter Module

12.4 Digital to Analog (D/A, DAC, or D-to-A) Conversion

12.5 Illustration: Generating a Ramp Waveform Using a D/A Converter

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 13 Serial I/O 401

13.1 Basic Concepts in Serial Communication

13.2 EIA-232 and PIC18 Serial Communication Module USART

13.3 Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)

13.4 The Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C) Protocol

13.5 Illustration: Interfacing Serial EEPROM to the PIC18 MSSP Module in the SPI Mode

13.6 Illustration: Interfacing Serial EEPROM to the PIC18 MSSP Module in the I2C Mode

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Chapter 14 Designing Embedded Systems

14.1 Features of Embedded Systems

14.2 Designing Embedded Systems

14.3 TTMS Project Design: Hardware

14.4 TTMS Project Design – Software

14.5 Special Features and Configuration Registers

Summary

Questions and Assignments

Simulation Exercises

Ix

Appendices

A PIC18FXXX/XXXX Instruction Set

B In-Circuit Emulator (ICE), In-Circuit Debugger (ICD), and MicrochipMPLAB® ICD 2

C Operational Amplifiers and Signal Conditioning Circuits

D Number Systems and Hex Arithmetic

E American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ASCII Codes

F PIC18 Simulator IDE

Index